SCIENCE ARCHIVE
THE NEXT BIG THING
List Title
Add a general description of the items listed below. You can introduce the list and include any relevant information you want to share. Double click to edit the text.
Your Face: A Window to Your Inner Self!
BBC article reveals how facial features hint at personality, health, and more. From assertive wide faces to personality-linked nose shapes, it dives into the science of facial cues and what they say about you.
​
Item Title
Describe the item and include any relevant details. Click to edit the text.
Item Title
Describe the item and include any relevant details. Click to edit the text.
Item Title
Describe the item and include any relevant details. Click to edit the text.
Item Title
Describe the item and include any relevant details. Click to edit the text.
Item Title
Describe the item and include any relevant details. Click to edit the text.
The Face
A few quick links
THE FACE
​
What your face really reveals about you (Psychology Today) 2019
​How your face betrays your personality and health (BBC) 2015
​Reading Faces : Face Value (BBC 2014)
​Unlocking Personality: What Facial Features Reveal About Character and Traits (Brainapps 2024)
​
​THE BIG FIVE
​
Prediction of the Big Five Personality Traits Using Static Facial Images of College Students With Different Academic Backgrounds (Research Gate 2021)
​Big Five Personality Traits: The 5-Factor Model of Personality (Simply Psychology 2023)
Big Five Traits in Psychology: Understanding Personality Dimensions (Neurolaunch 2024)
​
​RELATIONSHIPS
​
​How Your Personality Predicts Your Romantic Life (Psychology Today 2016)
Love and the Big 5 Personality Traits (Psychology Today 2024)
​
​GAMBLING
​
​
​FINANCIAL
​
The Big Five personality traits and earnings: A meta-analysis (Science Direct 2023)
O.C.E.A.N.: How Does Personality Predict Financial Success? (FPA 2021)
​
​​
​
​
HR/RECRUITMENT
​
Personality tests in recruitment (Research Gate 2021)
​
​
References
​
1. Kramer, R. S. S., King, J. E. & Ward, R. Identifying personality from the static, nonexpressive face in humans and chimpanzees: Evidence of a shared system for signaling personality. Evol. Hum. Behav. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.10.005 (2011).
2. Walker, M. & Vetter, T. Changing the personality of a face: Perceived big two and big five personality factors modeled in real photographs. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 110, 609–624 (2016).
3. Naumann, L. P., Vazire, S., Rentfrow, P. J. & Gosling, S. D. Personality Judgments Based on Physical Appearance. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 35, 1661–1671 (2009).
4. Borkenau, P., Brecke, S., Möttig, C. & Paelecke, M. Extraversion is accurately perceived after a 50-ms exposure to a face. J. Res. Pers.
43, 703–706 (2009).
5. Shevlin, M., Walker, S., Davies, M. N. O., Banyard, P. & Lewis, C. A. Can you judge a book by its cover? Evidence of self-stranger agreement on personality at zero acquaintance. Pers. Individ. Dif. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00356-2 (2003).
6. Penton-Voak, I. S., Pound, N., Little, A. C. & Perrett, D. I. Personality Judgments from Natural and Composite Facial Images: More Evidence For A “Kernel Of Truth” In Social Perception. Soc. Cogn. 24, 607–640 (2006).
7. Little, A. C. & Perrett, D. I. Using composite images to assess accuracy in personality attribution to faces. Br. J. Psychol. 98, 111–126 (2007).
8. Kramer, R. S. S. & Ward, R. Internal Facial Features are Signals of Personality and Health. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 63, 2273–2287 (2010).
9. Pound, N., Penton-Voak, I. S. & Brown, W. M. Facial symmetry is positively associated with self-reported extraversion. Pers. Individ. Dif. 43, 1572–1582 (2007).
10. Lewis, G. J., Lefevre, C. E. & Bates, T. Facial width-to-height ratio predicts achievement drive in US presidents. Pers. Individ. Dif. 52, 855–857 (2012).
11. Haselhuhn, M. P. & Wong, E. M. Bad to the bone: facial structure predicts unethical behaviour. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 279, 571 LP–576 (2012).
12. Valentine, K. A., Li, N. P., Penke, L. & Perrett, D. I. Judging a Man by the Width of His Face: The Role of Facial Ratios and Dominance in Mate Choice at Speed-Dating Events. Psychol. Sci. 25, (2014).
13. Carre, J. M. & McCormick, C. M. In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 275, 2651–2656 (2008).
14. Carré, J. M., McCormick, C. M. & Mondloch, C. J. Facial structure is a reliable cue of aggressive behavior: Research report. Psychol. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02423.x (2009).
15. Haselhuhn, M. P., Ormiston, M. E. & Wong, E. M. Men’s Facial Width-to-Height Ratio Predicts Aggression: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 10, e0122637 (2015).
16. Lefevre, C. E., Etchells, P. J., Howell, E. C., Clark, A. P. & Penton-Voak, I. S. Facial width-to-height ratio predicts self-reported dominance and aggression in males and females, but a measure of masculinity does not. Biol. Lett. 10, (2014).
17. Welker, K. M., Goetz, S. M. M. & Carré, J. M. Perceived and experimentally manipulated status moderates the relationship between facial structure and risk-taking. Evol. Hum. Behav. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.03.006 (2015).
18. Geniole, S. N. & McCormick, C. M. Facing our ancestors: judgements of aggression are consistent and related to the facial width-to- height ratio in men irrespective of beards. Evol. Hum. Behav. 36, 279–285 (2015).
19. Valentine, M. et al. Computer-Aided Recognition of Facial Attributes for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics 140, (2017).
20. Ferry, Q. et al. Diagnostically relevant facial gestalt information from ordinary photos. Elife 1–22 https://doi.org/10.7554/ eLife.02020.001 (2014).
21. Claes, P. et al. Modeling 3D Facial Shape from DNA. PLoS Genet. 10, e1004224 (2014).
22. Carpenter, J. P., Garcia, J. R. & Lum, J. K. Dopamine receptor genes predict risk preferences, time preferences, and related economic choices. J. Risk Uncertain. 42, 233–261 (2011).
23. Dreber, A. et al. The 7R polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D4 gene (<em>DRD4</em>) is associated with financial risk taking in men. Evol. Hum. Behav. 30, 85–92 (2009).
24. Bouchard, T. J. et al. Sources of human psychological differences: the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Science (80-.). 250, 223 LP–228 (1990).
25. Livesley, W. J., Jang, K. L. & Vernon, P. A. Phenotypic and genetic structure of traits delineating personality disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.10.941 (1998).
26. Bouchard, T. J. & Loehlin, J. C. Genes, evolution, and personality. Behavior Genetics https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012294324713 (2001).
27. Vukasović, T. & Bratko, D. Heritability of personality: A meta-analysis of behavior genetic studies. Psychol. Bull. 141, 769–785 (2015).
28. Godinho, R. M., Spikins, P. & O’Higgins, P. Supraorbital morphology and social dynamics in human evolution. Nat. Ecol. Evol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0528-0 (2018).
29. Rhodes, G., Simmons, L. W. & Peters, M. Attractiveness and sexual behavior: Does attractiveness enhance mating success? Evol. Hum. Behav. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.014 (2005).
30. Lefevre, C. E., Lewis, G. J., Perrett, D. I. & Penke, L. Telling facial metrics: Facial width is associated with testosterone levels in men.
Evol. Hum. Behav. 34, 273–279 (2013).
31. Whitehouse, A. J. O. et al. Prenatal testosterone exposure is related to sexually dimorphic facial morphology in adulthood.
Proceedings. Biol. Sci. 282, 20151351 (2015).
32. Penton-Voak, I. S. & Chen, J. Y. High salivary testosterone is linked to masculine male facial appearance in humans. Evol. Hum. Behav. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.04.003 (2004).
33. Carré, J. M. & Archer, J. Testosterone and human behavior: the role of individual and contextual variables. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 19, 149–153 (2018).
34. Swaddle, J. P. & Reierson, G. W. Testosterone increases perceived dominance but not attractiveness in human males. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2165 (2002).
35. Eisenegger, C., Kumsta, R., Naef, M., Gromoll, J. & Heinrichs, M. Testosterone and androgen receptor gene polymorphism are associated with confidence and competitiveness in men. Horm. Behav. 92, 93–102 (2017).
36. Kaplan, H. B. Social Psychology of Self-Referent Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2233-5. (Springer US, 1986).
37. Rosenthal, R. & Jacobson, L. Pygmalion in the classroom. Urban Rev. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02322211 (1968).
38. Masters, F. W. & Greaves, D. C. The Quasimodo complex. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 204–210 (1967).
39. Zebrowitz, L. A., Collins, M. A. & Dutta, R. The Relationship between Appearance and Personality Across the Life Span. Personal.
Soc. Psychol. Bull. 24, 736–749 (1998).
40. Hu, S. et al. Signatures of personality on dense 3D facial images. Sci. Rep. 7, 73 (2017).
41. Kosinski, M. Facial Width-to-Height Ratio Does Not Predict Self-Reported Behavioral Tendencies. Psychol. Sci. 28, 1675–1682 (2017).
42. Walker, M., Schönborn, S., Greifeneder, R. & Vetter, T. The basel face database: A validated set of photographs reflecting systematic differences in big two and big five personality dimensions. PLoS One 13, (2018).
43. Goffaux, V. & Rossion, B. Faces are ‘spatial’ - Holistic face perception is supported by low spatial frequencies. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.32.4.1023 (2006).
44. Schiltz, C. & Rossion, B. Faces are represented holistically in the human occipito-temporal cortex. Neuroimage https://doi. org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.037 (2006).
45. Van Belle, G., De Graef, P., Verfaillie, K., Busigny, T. & Rossion, B. Whole not hole: Expert face recognition requires holistic perception. Neuropsychologia https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.034 (2010).
46. Quadflieg, S., Todorov, A., Laguesse, R. & Rossion, B. Normal face-based judgements of social characteristics despite severely impaired holistic face processing. Vis. cogn. 20, 865–882 (2012).
47. McKone, E. Isolating the Special Component of Face Recognition: Peripheral Identification and a Mooney Face. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.181 (2004).
48. Sergent, J. An investigation into component and configural processes underlying face perception. Br. J. Psychol. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1984.tb01895.x (1984).
49. Tanaka, J. W. & Farah, M. J. Parts and Wholes in Face Recognition. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. Sect. A https://doi. org/10.1080/14640749308401045 (1993).
50. Young, A. W., Hellawell, D. & Hay, D. C. Configurational information in face perception. Perception https://doi.org/10.1068/ p160747n (2013).
51. Calder, A. J. & Young, A. W. Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1724 (2005).
52. Todorov, A., Loehr, V. & Oosterhof, N. N. The obligatory nature of holistic processing of faces in social judgments. Perception https:// doi.org/10.1068/p6501 (2010).
53. Junior, J. C. S. J. et al. First Impressions: A Survey on Computer Vision-Based Apparent Personality Trait Analysis. (2018).
54. Wang, Y. & Kosinski, M. Deep neural networks are more accurate than humans at detecting sexual orientation from facial images. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 114, 246–257 (2018).
55. Qiu, L., Lu, J., Yang, S., Qu, W. & Zhu, T. What does your selfie say about you? Comput. Human Behav. 52, 443–449 (2015).
56. Digman, J. M. Higher order factors of the Big Five. J.Pers.Soc.Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1246 (1997).
57. Musek, J. A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the five-factor model. J. Res. Pers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jrp.2007.02.003 (2007).
58. DeYoung, C. G. Higher-order factors of the Big Five in a multi-informant sample. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 91, 1138–1151 (2006).
59. Rushton, J. P. & Irwing, P. A General Factor of Personality (GFP) from two meta-analyses of the Big Five: Digman (1997) and Mount, Barrick, Scullen, and Rounds (2005). Pers. Individ. Dif. 45, 679–683 (2008).
60. Wood, D., Gardner, M. H. & Harms, P. D. How functionalist and process approaches to behavior can explain trait covariation. Psychol. Rev. 122, 84–111 (2015).
61. Dunlap, W. P. Generalizing the Common Language Effect Size indicator to bivariate normal correlations. Psych. Bull. 116, 509–511 (1994).
62. Connolly, J. J., Kavanagh, E. J. & Viswesvaran, C. The convergent validity between self and observer ratings of personality: A meta- analytic review. Int. J. of Selection and Assessment. 15, 110–117 (2007).
63. Harris, K. & Vazire, S. On friendship development and the Big Five personality traits. Soc. and Pers. Psychol. Compass. 10, 647–667 (2016).
64. Weidmann, R., Schönbrodt, F. D., Ledermann, T. & Grob, A. Concurrent and longitudinal dyadic polynomial regression analyses of Big Five traits and relationship satisfaction: Does similarity matter? J. Res. in Personality. 70, 6–15 (2017).
65. Cuperman, R. & Ickes, W. Big Five predictors of behavior and perceptions in initial dyadic interactions: Personality similarity helps extraverts and introverts, but hurts “disagreeables”. J. of Pers. and Soc. Psychol. 97, 667–684 (2009).
66. Schmidt, F. L. & Hunter, J. E. The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychol. Bull. 124, 262–274 (1998).
67. Brown, M. & Sacco, D. F. Unrestricted sociosexuality predicts preferences for extraverted male faces. Pers. Individ. Dif. 108, 123–127 (2017).
68. Lukaszewski, A. W. & Roney, J. R. The origins of extraversion: joint effects of facultative calibration and genetic polymorphism. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 37, 409–21 (2011).
69. Curran, P. G. Methods for the detection of carelessly invalid responses in survey data. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 66, 4–19 (2016).
70. Khromov, A. B. The five-factor questionnaire of personality [Pjatifaktornyj oprosnik lichnosti]. In Rus. (Kurgan State University, 2000).
71. Trizano-Hermosilla, I. & Alvarado, J. M. Best alternatives to Cronbach’s alpha reliability in realistic conditions: Congeneric and asymmetrical measurements. Front. Psychol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00769 (2016).
72. Liu, Z., Luo, P., Wang, X. & Tang, X. Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wild. in 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) 3730–3738 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2015.425 (IEEE, 2015).
73. He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S. & Sun, J. Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. in 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 770–778 https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2016.90 (IEEE, 2016).
74. Estimation of Personality Traits From Portrait Pictures Using the Five-Factor Model | IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore 2020.